Transcript of 533. Wojtek: The Bear Who Beat the Nazis

Thank you for listening to The Rest is History. For weekly bonus episodes, add free listening, early access to series, and membership of our much loved chat community, go to therestishistory. Com and join the club. That is therestishistory. Com. We were making our way through the déserted fields looking for stray hens and eggs when a nearby artillery unit opened fire. We went to look and found a battery of Polish gunners setting up for a barrage. The gun site was hidden in a clearing within a large wood. As we watched, suddenly out of the wood came a large bear walking on its hind legs. It seemed to be carrying something. Both Vincent and I shouted a warning to the gunners that a bear was going towards them, but nobody responded. The bear went up to the trail legs of the artillery gun and placed a shell on the ground. The bear then went back into the wood and reappeared with another shell. By this time, we'd realized that the bear was tame, and most likely a circus bear. We just went on our way. That was John Clark. In April 1944, he was serving with a Black Watch in the Monte Casino campaign, one of the most celebrated campaigns of the Second World War, the battle for Italy.

He is remembering an incident near the village of Acuafundata, which is six miles from Monte Cassino, and he and his comrade, Vincent, were foraging for food. That story, Tom, which you have quoted, it's actually quoted by Eileen Orr, in her book, Woitek the Bear, Polish War Hero. As you say in your notes, it's like an armored bear from Philip Pullman's stories. The last episode, we were talking about the fate of Poland. We talked a lot about Gdańsk. There's a brilliant museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, and as is my want, when they went there with Sandra Jr, we went to the shop to look for merch. They didn't have very much, I have to say, but what they did have was dozens of copies of a children's book in Polish about this bear, Wojtek, who is an absolute folk hero in Poland, isn't he? A symbol of Polish resistance and Polish heroism in the Second World War.

I think every Polish friend I've got has said, Do you know the story of Wojtek? So a particular shout out, if she's listening to this, to Buzaina, who first mentioned Wojtek to us and, in fact, gave us a children's book about it. Maybe it was the one that you saw in the shop in Gdańsk. This is about a bear, but important to emphasize that it's about a Polish bear. In the account that you read about those British officers walking the battlefield in Monte Cassino, the bear is helping Polish gunners, and these Polish gunners are fighting on the British side against the Germans. In a sense, this is what I said at the end of our previous series, that we wanted to give a coda to that story, terribly dark, bleak, somber story. But I guess this is also a palate cleanser. It's a way of plunging back into the heart of darkness, but coming out perhaps the other side. I don't want to speak for Polish people, maybe they can correct me, but I think that is a huge part of why the incredible story of Wojtek, the bear who basically becomes a Polish soldier, why it has the resonance that it does.

Before we come to Wojtek, we've also done a number of episodes on famous animals in history. We've done dogs, we've done monkeys, and we have actually already had a number of bears on the rest history. We did an episode on the inauguration of the Colosseum in AD80, and that featured a bear from Caledonia. There's the polar bear that was given to Henry III by the King of Norway in 1252, and which was kept in the Tower of London. Then there was Lord Byron, who kept a bear when he was a student at Trinity because he'd been told he couldn't have a dog. He wrote in his diary, I've got a new friend, the finest in the world. When I brought him here, they asked me what What I meant to do with him, and my reply was he should sit for a fellowship. So Byron and his bear.

None of these were military bears. None of these were fighting bears. And Woitech is a fighting bear.

Woitech is a military bear. There are actually other examples of bears who served as mascots in war. Probably the most famous of these is an American black bear who was called Winnipeg. Winnipeg came into the possession of a guy who originally had come from Birmingham. He was a brummy who'd emigrated to Canada, and he'd settled in Winnipeg in Manitoba, and there he'd become a vet. Then in 1914, war broke out and the news came to Canada, dominion in the British Empire. So lots of Canadians signed up to fight for king and country. Harry Colborne, he got the train from Winnipeg to get shipped for Britain. At a station in Ontario, he got off the platform, and there, for reasons that are not entirely really clear because it seems quite an odd thing to be for sale, but he gets an orphaned bear cub. Because he's already feeling homesick for his native town of Winnipeg, he calls this bear, Winnie, takes him, this orphaned bear, with him to Britain, trains with the Canadian unit that he signed up to. Then in December 1914, he crosses the channel to go and fight on the Western front. He can't take this orphan bear with him, so he donates it to the London Zoo.

So Winnie becomes one of the star attractions in London Zoo. Winnie is there the whole way through the First World War and stays there after the First World War. And in 1924, a writer called AA Milne takes his son, who's a little boy, called Christopher Robin, to see Winnie, this Canadian black bear. Christopher Robin is thinks this bear is wonderful, goes back home and changes the name of his Teddy bear from Edward Bear to Winnie the Pooh.

That's Winnie the Pooh. Winnie the Pooh was this... Wow, that's amazing. But the real Winnie the Pooh, as in Winnipeg, never saw action. Is that right? No, it doesn't see action. There's a big difference with Wojtek.

Okay, so there's another famous bear that does see action because this is a bear who gets taken up in the Korean War by a US paratrooper unit She's bought as a cub from a Japanese zoo, say right at the beginning of the Korean War in 1953. The paratroopers, they go to Korea and they take her up in planes and make her do paratroop jumps.

God, that's a shock for a bear. I mean, does she do it?

Does she like it? Well, she hates it. I mean, she absolutely hates it. I mean, you're a bear and you're being chucked out of a plane. Of course, you're going to hate it. On her second jump, understandably, she's so upset that she starts biting the soldiers as they tried to push her out. Then on her fourth attempt, she actually chews up the boot of a soldier, but they keep doing it. They keep chucking her out of the plane with her parachute, and she ends up garlanded with honors. She wins a parachutist badge, she wins a Purple She wins a Purple Heart. She wins a Korean Service medal. But I think it's fair to say that she's not an enthusiastic paratrooper. She doesn't enjoy it. In 1954, so she's only seized a year's service. She's discharged and sent to Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. We could have gone to Lincoln Park. See, when we were in America, couldn't we? We were in Chicago.

Yeah, we never did.

Those, I guess, are the two bears who serve as masc and who have won a certain measure of Fame. But Wojtek's story is a different order. I think it's the strangest, it's the most moving, and it's definitely the most historically resonant of any bear, not just a military bear, but any bear in history. Because Wojtek isn't just a mascot. He's literally enrolled in the Polish army as a private for reasons that we'll come to.

And rises, right? He's promoted.

Probably gets promotion to a corporal. There's debate about this, but I think almost certainly becomes a corporal in the Polish Army. The reason that it's a moving story is that Wojtek, who is, again, like the two previous bears that we talked about, is bought as a cub. He grows up and he provides an emotional focus for soldiers who had been uprooted from their homeland. Many of them lost their families, had suffered unspeakable traumas. This bear provided them with a focus for wellsprings of love that perhaps otherwise wouldn't have had a focus. I think that this is a huge part of why Wojtek is so famous and celebrated in Poland. But I have to say there's also a personal link for me because as we will find out, Wojtek ends up very close to the banks of the tweed.

It's where you've got your house.

My Scottish estate. Yes. It's mad to say this about a A bear. But I think his story really does provide a window onto the miseries of Polish history in the 1940s. But it's a charming story at the same time, and it's one that feels like it has a personal to me. It's a story I've wanted to do for a very, very long time.

All right, let's put it back into the context. Let's pick up in a way from where we ended that series. Poland was defeated swiftly by the Nazis. War were taken, and then Poland was divided up, and Poland vanishes from the map of Europe. But of course, a lot of the Polish army have escaped, haven't they? They've crossed the border into Romania. A lot of Poles who are scattered are determined to continue the struggle, aren't they? They have not yet given up. They're government in exile and so on. How does Wojtyk fit into that story?

As you say, Poland is defeated, it's carved up, it vanishes from the map. But there are Poles who want to continue the fight, Basically, there are three ways in which Poles are able to do this. The first, and I guess the most dangerous, is to continue the fight in Poland itself. As you said in the previous episode, the German occupying forces have targeted the Polish elites for complete elimination. Their aim is to reduce the mass of the Polish population to a helotage, to the status of the helots that the Spartans used as their slave labor. That's what the Germans want to make the Poles become. Effectively, for lots of Polish young men, they feel that resistance... I mean, why wouldn't you resist? Because the alternative is either enslavement or for extermination. This is something that they are facing up to very, very early on. In April 1940, forced conscription in Germany is introduced. Polish young men are rounded up and taken as slave labor into Germany. And so rather than submit to that, lots of Poles take to the forests. And this is the genesis of the Polish resistance. Yeah, of course. It's like something out of medieval history.

They're centered in the vast woods and forests that spread over much of Poland. And by 1943, the Polish resistance numbers almost half a million, which is by far the largest resistance movement in Nazi occupied Europe. But its ultimate fate is miserable because it's destroyed by the Germans. I mean, this They're in the Warsaw Rising and all that. Then, of course, by the Soviets who are invading and who are not friends of the Polish resistance, want to see it wiped out.

Yeah, it's a terrible story.

And I'm sure one day we'll come to that awful story. The other option if you have managed to get outside Poland, is to continue the fight by signing up, perhaps with the French, and then after the fall of France with Britain. The Polish forces in Britain come to number almost 80,000. We talked yesterday about how lots of Polish pilots fight for the RAF in the Battle of Britain, perform heroically. Polish sailors join the Royal Navy. Churchill admires them hugely. I I think that they garner a great deal of sympathy in Britain, both for the fate of their country, for the evident heroism with which they're defending Britain, and I suspect a measure of guilt at the failure of Britain to come to Poland's rescue. These soldiers are stationed, lots of them are stationed in Scotland. They are posted along the Eastern Scottish coastline to ward off a possible invasion from Norway. One of the places where a camp is set up is above the Tweed, just downriver from Berwick. This camp is called Windfield Camp. It's a center for lots of Poles there. There is, of course, a third reservoir of potential soldiers that is waiting to be tapped on when the Soviet Union enters into alliance with Britain in the wake of Operation Barbarossa, which in turn means that the Poles and the Russians are then fighting on the same side.

But before that, the fate of Poles in Soviet occupied Poland is pretty much as grim as it had been for the Polish elites in Germany because the Soviets want to eliminate them just as much as the Germans do. You described how in your Brevora form, the episode that you did before this, how the Soviet forces had invaded Poland on the 17th of September, 1939, in the wake of the Molotow Ribbentrop Pact. It comes as a total surprise to the Poles, to the Western allies, the Polish forces are already disintegrating, and this just completes that process. 200,000 prisoners of war are taken. 15,000 of these are officers, and these are taken to three camps in Russia and Ukraine, and then they vanish, and no one is really sure what happens to them. The truth is only discovered later in the war, in the wake of Operation Barbarossa, when the Germans are invading, going into Russia, into Ukraine, and in a forest called Katyn, they discover the corps of 5,000 murdered Polish officers. The Germans, with supreme hypocrisy, trumpet this as an example of Soviet war crimes, which, of course, it is, but it ignores the fact that the Germans are committing even worse crimes.

These officers who were found in Katyn, they'd been killed in March 1940, along with all the other Polish officers on Stalin's personal orders. But it's not just, as we said, it's not just the officers who are dispatched. In February 1940, the Soviet authorities had begun the mass expulsion of the Polish civilian population, and the NKVD, which is the predecessor of the KGB, had begun herding up Polish families, taking them to railway stations, cramming them into cattle wagons, sending them off eastwards towards Siberia, and These are scenes that are very reminiscent of the fate of Jews in occupied Nazi Europe who are being rounded up and put in cattle wagons, unheated. Yeah, of course. Women, children, as well as men, no food, no drink, freezing cold. It's been estimated that by early 1941, about one and a half million poles have been driven into exile, and that of these, by the summer of 1941, between the third and a half of all these poles who've been deported are dead, either from malnutrition or from the cold or from exhaustion or, of course, from disease. It's the same process of genocidal expulsions that you're seeing in Nazi Germany, in which I've much better known.

But then it all changes, of course, in the summer of 1941, because on the 22nd of June, Hitler launches Operation Barbarossa. Suddenly, the Soviet Union goes from being effectively Hitler's ally to Britain's ally, doesn't it? Yes. That changes the whole story for the Poles who are in Soviet Union.

Yes. There's a Polish government in exile by this point in London, which means that they're unable, really, to resist the Polish pressure. Britain wants this Polish government in exile, essentially to ally itself to the Soviet Union, which, of course, is really tough for the Poles to do. The Soviet Union has dismembered country, stabbed them in the back, deported millions of their fellow citizens. But they do it. One of the reasons that they do it is that they see that this is a way to secure the release of the Poles who have been kept prisoner in the Soviet Union. Among these prisoners is one of the very few Polish officers who had been deported to have survived Soviet captivity. This is a man called Vladislav Anders. He hadn't been taken into a wood and shot. He'd been taken to the Lubyanka, the NKVD prison, and he'd spent months there, horrendous experience of imprisonment. But then he's released. Initially, he thinks, If I'm going to carry on the fight against the Germans, then I'm going to have to do it with the Red Army. But he realizes very rapidly that Stalin is not going to allow an autonomous Polish military force to assemble in the Soviet Union.

The risk, in Stalin's opinion, is too great. Therefore, Anders starts thinking, Well, we should try and get these guys out of the Soviet Union altogether and see if we could maybe fight with the British. Stalin is also very keen to see the back of them. Stalin and Anders agree that Stalin will allow Polish prisoners to travel down to the Caspian Sea, to sail across the Caspian Sea, and land in Iran The reason for that is that there is a British military presence in Iran, because at this time, Iran is under joint Soviet, US, and British occupation. Specifically, the rendez-vous is a port called Pallavi on the Caspian Sea, that I gather is now called Banda, E, and Zali. Throughout the spring and summer of 1942, over 100,000 poles, and this includes women and children, are ferried across the Caspian Sea. They've traveled all the way across the Soviet Union from the camps that they were being kept in. They've traveled there, and they're now being ferried across the Caspian Sea. They arrive in in Parlevi, and they're in a terrible condition. They're hunger ravaged, they're disease ridden, they're shattered. They've traveled vast distances. I think British officers, looking certainly at the men, think, Oh, God, how are we ever going to get these people into addition to fight.

But the British have brought food, medicine, ambulances. And although lots of Poles do die, there are also lots who then start on the road to recovery. And civilians are sent to camps outside Tehran and Esfahan in Iran. Then they are sorted out and they're sent onwards to various territories within the British Empire, so Australia, New Zealand, Tunisia, Kenya, and lots of these Poles. I mean, actually, end up settling in these various countries and staying there for good. But the plan for the young men, these Poles who have come to join the British to fight the Nazi enemy, the plan for them is to send them from Iran through Iraq to Palestine to train them, to get them ready to join British forces, and if needs be, to join the fight against Rommel, who at the time is advancing across North Africa towards Egypt. This force of Poles, they can't call it the First Polish Corps, because the First Polish Corps, that's the body of Poles who are stationed in Britain. They become the Second Polish Corps, and the nickname that they get given is the Anders Army.

Brilliant. I have to say, I've actually got two different friends who have grandparents, I think, who were involved in that movement of people. I've got a friend called Matt Kelly, who's a historian, and my friend Anna as well. They are I mean, these people who were deported east from the Polish borderlands, they went to Russia, then crossing the Caspian Sea, going across Iran, going across the Middle East. Then often people would end up in, some people ended up in America. Some people ended up in Africa, some people ended up in Britain. I mean, it is mind boggling. It's like something from a science fiction book or something.

It's so little known in this country, isn't it?

Yeah. Although there's actually quite a few people in Britain. There's a Anglo-Polish community with roots in this movement of people in this mass migration. But anyway, it's an incredible story. This is the point where Wojtek enters the story when the bear finally appears. How does the bear turn up?

I mean, it has the force of a folk tale, I think. As with a folk tale, there are various accounts of exactly how Wojtek comes to be a part of this movement of Polish troops to Palestine. But I think the basic outline is clear. There's a group of Polish soldiers, maybe officers, maybe private soldiers, accounts differ, and they're in the wilds outside Tehran. There they meet a young Iranian boy, and he has a sack tied around his neck. He opens up the sack, and inside it there is a tiny bear cub. The boy tells the polls that the mother of this cub had been shot by hunters, and the cub had been abandoned, and the boy had found it. It's something that he can sell because it's the customary fate of abandoned cubs to be sold to trainers who will raise them as dancing bears. To be a dancing bear is hideous. You're chained, you're whipped, you're prodded, you have a miserable life. The Poles know this and obviously have a sense of fellow feeling for an animal that has suffered bereavement and faces a terrible future. They buy it from the boy. With what?

With food? Probably barter or food, or maybe they've got a few coins. Anyway, they come into possession of this bear cub. What happens next? Various stories. One story says that this cub is bought by a Polish officer who gives it to the niece of another officer, and this niece is called Irina, and she looks after the cub for three months in the civilian transit camp where she's been stationed. The bear is very mischiefish, full of fun. It's clearly not a good place for a wild animal to be kept. So Irina gives it to the army as a mascot. The bear ends up being given by a lieutenant in Anders's army to Polish soldiers in the second transport company. These have already reached a base at Ghedera in Palestine. That's one account. Another account, and this is the one you'll get in Eilidh's book, which is a wonderful account of Wojtek. She says that actually it was Polish privates in the second transport company had come into possession with Wojtek right from the beginning, that they were the ones who had negotiated with this Iranian boy, and that they had kept the bear with them as they traveled to Palestine because they weren't really allowed to have a bear with them.

When their commanding officer is told, We're really sorry, sir, we've got this bear cub, he allows them to keep it because he recognizes is that it's really good for their morale, that the soldiers are devoted to the cub and that it's raised their spirits.

It's these guys in the second transport company who give the bear its name, which is Woitek, which is a diminutive of a Wojc, which is a proper Polish name.

The bear is variously known, I think, by polls as Wojtek or Wojtek. Wojc is the formal, Wojtek is the informal, and it means happy warrior. In due course, Wojtek grows up to full size. He's absolutely enormous bear. Then another Wojtek joins the company. The bear is called Big Wojtek, and the soldier is called Little Wojtek. His full name is Big Wojtek. But as a cub, Dutek is given a carer, one of the Polish soldiers in the Second Transport Company. This is a guy called Pieter Prendis. Most of the soldiers in Second Transport Company are young. They're teenage or early 20s. But Peter is 46, and he's probably the oldest soldier in the company, and that is why he is given responsibility for the bear. It's thought that he's the guy who will prove the best parent. But actually, the role that Peter plays is not that of a father, but of a mother. Daddy bears, I gather, do not bring up their babies.

Yeah, they're probably not close to that.

Cubs are raised solely by their mothers. And so Peter comes to be nicknamed by his comrades mummy bear. You read the accounts of it, and Woitek, he's a little cub. He might get frightened, he might get scared. Whenever he does, he runs to Peter, and Peter picks him up in his arms and craddles him and cuddles him, gives him his finger for Wojtek to suck on. It's all very sweet. But then gradually, of course, Wojtek starts to grow up, and he's a great laugh.

Is he?

Yeah.

Bears like that, though, aren't they?

He loves it. Initially, there's great fun and games with the Dalmatian that's owned by the British liaison officer. He's always climbing trees and then finding that he can't climb down, so he just drops down and falls on passing soldiers, and it's all great fun. I'm not going to call him a perv because, of course, he's a bear, but he's very keen on stealing the underwear of Polish female soldiers. No way. To quote Eileen Orr, the women, part of a Polish signals unit, were furious because after months of living rough in that isolated camp in the dusty desert, they had only recently taken a rare trip to Tel Aviv to acquire the much cherished his underwear, and Peter has to go and-Get it back.get the underwear back. Retrieve it from the back.

What's he doing with it? What interest does he have-Trying it on.

Yeah, who knows? I don't know. The thing he really loves is swimming. This is obviously a problem if you're in a dusty, parched land in Palestine. Whenever he finds water, whenever he finds a river or a pond or mud or whatever, he'll roll in it. The larger he gets, the more his use of water has to be rationed because, of course, it's a very precious commodity. He's always trying to sneak into the shower hut. This is another example of his mischief as nature. On one occasion, he does this and he finds that there's an Arab spy in the corner. He's cornered. His reward for this is he gets an extra long shower plus lots of fruit and beer.

And beer. So it's tanked up half the time.

He loves beer and he loves cigarettes and he loves coffee. The cigarettes have to be lit, but he won't smoke them, he eats them. But I think the reason for this is that at no point does it cross Wojtek's mind that he's a bear. He assumes that he is a Polish soldier. He has no reason to think otherwise. He's been brought up by them. He lives among them. He adopts their habits, and he marches with them. He learns to salute. He does this without being instructed. He just picks up on it.

Everyone else is doing it. You do it, right?

You do it. You can see why he would become a massive, massive favorite, not just with the 22nd Artillary Supply Company, as the second transport company has now become, but with the whole of Anders Army, the whole of the Polish core. Obviously, really good for their morale. You can completely see why officers are going, Yeah, let's keep this bear. It's good.

Well, maybe not if your underwear has been stolen, he's trying to get into the shower with you.

Yeah, maybe not. But I think in general, very good for morale. But then in December 1943, there is a crisis because Wojtek and his company are moved to Egypt, to Alexandria. The reason for that is that by this point, Rommel, he's gone, and the British have invaded Sicily and going up Italy, and they need Poles to help them in this terrible war. The crisis is that soldiers are forbidden to transport pets or mascots. There is no room in the transport ship for such animals. Their solution to this is to draft Wojtek officially into the Polish Army as a private. The British authorities approve this. Of course they do. They stamp Wojtek's military papers. He is now enrolled as a Polish soldier, officially. On the 13th of February, 1944, Wojtek and his comrades, they're in Alexandria, they board a troops ship and they set sail westwards across the Mediterranean. Their destination, Dominic, is Toronto, and from there, Monte Casino.

Crikey. What a cliffhanger. Let's take a break, and we will return with Voitec's Heroism: The Battle for Monte Casino.

Hi, it's Cathy K here from the Rest is Politics US. We felt at this time, as America is heading to the Trump administration, that we should look back on one of the darkest moments in recent American history. We have done just that with a series on Trump's insurrection and his attempts back in 2020 to steal the election from Joe Biden.

There was an incitement of an insurrection. They stormed the Capitol. They literally have senators running for their lives. We break it down. We give an hour by hour of all the incidents, the fences smashing, the windows breaking, gunshots, firing. Trump supporters smoking joints in statutory hall. Just imagine the bedlum. And incredibly, some of these people are going to be pardoned by Mr. Trump. And so January sixth, I've never told Katie K this, but January sixth is my birthday. Okay, tune in and listen.

Yeah, that's not the only extraordinary thing about the date of January the sixth, however. I mean, this is why this story in this series is so important and so gripping, because so many of these characters are coming back with us today. And so much has been forgiven and swept under the carpet, and America They decided in the election last year that they were going to reinstate Donald Trump. With that, there really is no better time to take a look at these events.

To hear more, just search the Rest isPolitics US, wherever you get your podcast. Hear a clip from this mini-series at the end of this week's episode.

General Oliver Lees had earmarked the polls for the key role of capturing the Monte Cusino Massif. He had sensed a fire and a pride in the bellies of the Poles that suggested they might be more willing to take on this toughest of nuts than other units in eighth Army. Visiting General Wladeslaw Anders, the Polish Corps Commander on the 24th of such, Liesse coded his proposal in very clear terms that what he was offering would be immeasurably challenging, but was also a singular honor, an indicative of the respect he had for the general and his men. Anders was well aware that the Abbey had not been taken in two months of bitter fighting and that it had eluded the efforts of battle-hardened and highly experienced troops. I realize that the cost in lives must be heavy, he later wrote. But I realized, too, the importance of the capture of Monte Cassino to the Allied cause, and most of all, to that of Poland. So that was the immortal prose of James Holland, brother of the lesser known Holland podcasting star. That's from James' book Casino 44, Five Months of Hell in Italy. That reminds us actually Monte Cassino is not just any battle of the Second World War.

It is regarded as one of the most difficult because it's the hinge of a German defensive line called the Gustave Line, and the Allies have to break it to get to Rome. On the summit of Monte Casino is this monastery that was founded by St. Benedict Tom.

Yes. One of the most celebrated monestries in the whole of Latin Christendom, founded in AD 529. It had been rebuilt and rebuilt. It had this glorious heyday in the 11th and 12th centuries. 14th century, there'd been an earthquake, it had been rebuilt again. It's a great emblem of the ability of the Catholic Church to rise above all the disasters that could be thrown at it. Now it is in the eye of this terrible storm because the Allies have to knock it out, essentially, because the Germans have occupied it and the Allies feel that they have to destroy the German positions if they're going to have a hope of breaking through and getting on to Rome. We actually spoke to my brother in an earlier episode about the build-up to the Battle of Monte Casino. But Wojtek arrives right in the middle of it as it's reaching this terrible climax. As you said in my brother's reading, Anders and his army given the opportunity to storm Monte Casino to capture it. This is a mark of great honor because, as my brother says, it's the toughest of nuts. There have previously been three attempts to take the monastery.

It's failed. The monastery itself has been bombed completely into rubble, which actually means that it's now harder to take because there are more places to hide. Three offensives have failed. The polls will now take part in the fourth offensive offensive operation diadem, and in fact, will spearhead it. The task for the Poles is to capture a mountain that has defied all the previous Allied troops. They've smashed themselves against it and broken against it. Can the Poles do it. So 24th of April 1944, they start moving up the foothills to take up positions for the final assault. It is the job of Wojtecz Company to keep the Polish artillery supplied with shells, with ammunition as the Poles make their advance towards Monte Cacino, so inching forwards. They do this for three weeks, and it's an exceedingly perilous and dangerous job. They are having to drive at night to avoid enemy artillery, sheer hairpin bends, people always driving off cliffs and things like that. To quote a Polish veteran who's cited by Elinaura in her book, When we finally pulled into the positions of our artillery, we unloaded the ammo and fusers, and after a short rest, turned round and got out as fast as possible.

In spite of all our precautions, a number of trucks crashed into the steep gorges, killing their drivers. It's a very perilous business.

I mean, it's It must be absolutely terrifying, traumatizing for Wojtek. He's just been having larks in the desert, showers and stuff.Cigarettes.Yeah. What does he make of all this?

Well, he's terrified, and he He stays in the lorry, wimpering, covering his eyes with his paws, completely shell-shocked. But then he starts to get his mojo back, and he climbs out of the lorry that he's been hiding in, and he looks around and wanders over to a tree, and he climbs up the tree, and he watches the action. He's down seeing his friends, carting shells up to the gums and carrying crates and things. He drops down from the tree, and he He walks over to his fellow soldiers and he holds out his pause to indicate that he'd quite like to join in the fun. He doesn't really know what it's about, but his friends are doing it, so why wouldn't he wanted to join in? He's never, of course, been trained He's not trained to handle heavy boxes of munitions, but he's a bear, so he's very strong. Actually, he turns out to be absolutely brilliant. He does this with all his mates, and the boast is that he never drops a single shell. He does it for as long as he wants to. Then if he gets bored, he'll go off and maybe have a sleep or something or have a bit of a dose.

If they want to get him back on, they give him a lit cigarette or bar of chocolate or something, and then he'll join back in. He puts in really sterling work. He contributes to the softening up of the German defenses that are Ebal and his army on the 11th of May to begin the long-awaited fourth offensive. It's an absolutely murderous battle. It lasts days and days and days. Just to give a description, again, from my brother's book, this is just one passage. On one occasion, a Polish lieutenant had been standing behind three men. A shell came over and exploded right on top of them. He commented, Two of the men disappeared into thin air. There was nothing left. But on a bush nearby, I saw the ammunition belt in the stomach of the third. That was all that was left. Soon after, he spotted a soldier sitting down close by, simply staring into space. The man was covered in dust and had a glazed expression on his face. The lieutenant bent over and touched his back and saw that it was covered in blood. The man he realized was dead.

This is a pretty serious business. And amazingly, I guess partly because he's at the back, because he's helping to load the guns. He's not in the forefront of the action, but he doesn't get hit at all. Am I right?

No, he doesn't get hit. He carries on throughout this. I Obviously, if he'd been in the forefront of the battle, it would have been rather different because that is really brutal. On the 17th of May at last, Anders leads the Poles in a second attack on Monte Cusino. The Germans withdraw. 18th of May, the Poles see a white flag flying over the ruins of the Monastery, and they're so shattered by what they've been going through that it takes them time to find enough men who are strong enough to go up to their height to take possession of the rubble of the Monastery. But they get there and they raise the Polish flag over the scene of desolation. A bugler plays St. Mary's Trumper Cool, which, according to legend, had first been played on the walls of Krakow to warn of the Mongols. It's hard not to think of all the emotions that must have been felt in Polish breasts hearing that and thinking of the fate of their own country, looking around at the rubble of this ancient honesty.

How this is not a Hollywood film, I do not know.

I don't know how. I mean, Wojtek would be an amazing subject. Of course.

Do a CGI bear. I'd do it in a bear suit. Well, it's good.

Paddington. I mean, you do have a track record.

I missed out on Paddington, but I think Wojtek, I was born to play that part.

The Poles have lost a lot of men, Second Polish Corps have lost 1,150 killed. 3,050 have been wounded. The 22nd Artillery Supply Company, so that's the company that Wojtek has been serving with, they have suffered casualties. Wojtek, undoubtedly, has been in the line of fire. But they have done heroic work. To quote Or, During the Battle of Monte Casino, Wojtec's company supplied approximately 17,300 tons of ammunition, 1,200 tons of fuel and 1,100 tons of food for Polish and British troops.

Good on them. He gets a badge or something.

They all get the badge? They all get the badge. It's a badge featuring Wojtec. Vitek carrying an artillery shell. It looks as if he's marching off to go to battle. This becomes the badge of the 22nd Company. It's one of the most pieces of military memorabilia that you could possibly have. It becomes, I guess, the emblem of the 22nd Company. It gets copied and copied, and it obviously serves to broadcast Vitek's Fame far beyond the limits of his own company. If Wojtek is promoted to corporal, this is the moment where it happens. It's contested. I think the military records have been lost, so we will say he gets promoted to corporal at this point.

But this isn't the end of the fighting for Wojtek or the 22nd Company, because they're still battling their way through Italy. Well, they end up fighting right up to the end of the war, till April 1945, and Wojtek is always in the thick of it, isn't he?

The war goes right the way on till Bologna, which is the last town that the Poles capture. As you say, Wojtek is them throughout this whole campaign. He does have brushes with danger, but these tend not to be from German bullets. He finds a pack horse and he thinks this is great fun. He stalks the pack horse and corners it, and the pack horse lashes out and kicks him in the face with its hooves. This does him some damage. Maybe the time he comes closest to death is where he wanders into a base that's been set up by Indian soldier serving with the British Army. He wanders into a tent and curves up with a Sikh soldier who wakes up and discovers this huge bear lying next to him. It's so alarmed that he reaches for the gun and realizes that it's a tame bear, a pet bear, in time not to kill him. The war ends, and this is a great time for the 22nd Company because they're stationed on the Adriatic. Very nice. The war is over. It's summer. There's a beach. They all go down to the beach. Wojtek, again, I'm afraid, disgraces himself with girls.

He has this trick where he swims underwater towards a group of unsuspecting women. Then he'll suddenly surface in the midst of them, and there's lots of screaming and flashing, and Wojtek thinks this is absolutely hilarious. Of course, for the Polish soldiers who then have to come over and explain to the Italian women who this bear is, it's a great way of meeting girls. Let me introduce you to my bear. Yes. He's a babe magnet, I think. Might be one way to describe him. He's having a lovely time. His fellow soldiers are having a lovely time. It all looks great. But then, of course, the shadow of Stalin falls over their prospects again because we are now into the onset of the Cold War. Stalin does not want seasoned soldiers who have fought with the British going back Poland, and he doesn't even want them on the continent of Europe. This is expressed to the British government, and the British government say, Okay, well, we will take them back to Britain. They go back to Britain, and specifically, they go back to Scotland. In September 1946, the 22nd Company arrive on Clydeside. They march through the streets of Glasgow.

They're cheered as and among their ranks is Wojtyk. These soldiers are now the responsibility of the British government. The reason for this is that they're very conscious of the debt they owe the And again, I think it's this thing that has been shadowing British attitudes throughout the war, which is a feeling of guilt. For the British government, in particular, this guilt is, of course, compounded by the fact that Churchill has signed Poland over to Stalin at the Yauter conference. There's been yet another British portrayal of Poland. To quote Neil Ascherson on how the British government feel about this, They hope to soothe their consciences by handling the problem of the Polish armed forces in a generous and humane way. An interim treasury committee for Polish questions was set up immediately after the London government was derecognised. That's the Polish government that had been in London throughout the war. The British government has recognized the the puppet government that Stalin has set up in Warsaw in their place. To continue quoting Ashton, In effect, this meant that Britain, although exhausted and bankrupt at the end of nearly six years of war, was taking on the duty to pay and maintain and house the Polish armed forces in the West.

It's actually a terrible story, this. It's just as bad a betrayal as what happened just before the war, because the British completely pulled the rug out from under the Polish government in exile. I guess they would say it's real policy, we have no choice. With the Polish army, they basically wanted to get rid of them, didn't they? They really hoped that they would all just go back.

The problem is that Stalin will not take back people from these Polish brigades unless they actively volunteer to go back. In other words, they have to be communists empathizes to do it. In the event, I think only seven officers go back, something like 14,000 privates opt to head back. There are a few of these from the 22nd division, and they want to take Wojtek with them. There's a massive row about this. But the vast majority of soldiers from the 22nd Division opt to stay in Scotland, and they get to keep Wojtek. The commanding officer says, You cannot take him. Instead, where do they go? They go to Windfield Camp, which is this camp above the tweed just down from Berwick. Initially, there is some hostility from the locals. They're all suffering from rationing and things. But there are two things that help, I think, to thaw the relations. The first is, again, this of how much people in Britain owe the polls. The second is that the 22nd Division have this bear. Wojtek is the perfect ambassador because he remains as amiable and as full of fun as ever. He's still got Peter with him, so mommy bear.

He's got all his mates. I think it never crosses his mind that he's not one of them.

In his own mind, he's a Pole, not a bear.

Absolutely. They take him to dances. When he goes there, Wojtek gives the local children rides on his back. He amuses them by doing huge farts. They all find this hilarious. Again, breaks ice with the local girls. Voitec is taken swimming in the tweed. He's brought down from the camp and he's led on a chain because they can't risk him being swept out into the North Sea. He goes swimming It's the most functioning, beneath the Union Bridge, which is this wonderful bridge built in 1822. It's the oldest functioning suspension bridge anywhere in the world. And Wojty has a wonderful swim beneath it. I've actually been to see the camp, the site of the camp where Wojtyk stayed. There's a big pool there, and you know how much Wojtyk likes pools. All around it are trees, and they're still marked with his claw marks. No, really? I just want to give a shout out to Livy, who I know will be listening to this, who took us up there and showed us where the trees were. The poor marks of Wojtek on the living tree. It's a wonderful thing. It's so odd. This is a story, as I said, begins with all this darkness and horror that you were describing on Monday.

And yet there's a link that takes us to a tree above the tweed that is marked with the claw marks of a bear. It's amazing.

The people love him, do they? They're delighted. They think he's a tremendous person.

They do. The measure of this is, of course, that there's very strict rationing at this point. Wojtek bear with a huge appetite. It's not just the Poles, it's all the locals. They get together and they make sure that he has enough food. Maybe it helps that on the far bank, so on the English bank opposite the Scottish side of the Tweed, there is a honey farm in the village of Horncliffe, which is excellent. Again, a shout out to them.

Brilliant.

They're able to keep Wojtek in heart.

You genuinely could not make that up.

But then Then Dominic. I mean, this is a heartwarming story, but then tragedy. Oh, no. Because in 1947, the 22nd division start to be demobbed. They're found settlement across Britain. The camp is going to be closed down. The men leave for civilian life. The question is, what is going to happen to Wojtek?

He can't get a job, can he?

He can't get his job. He can't be reunited with his loved ones because his mother's Real problem. It's decided that he will be taken to Edinburgh Zoo. On the 15th of November, 1947, he's loaded into a cage. The cage is put on the back of a truck and he's driven off to Edinburgh.

That is quite sad.

Everyone who watches him go in 22nd Division is devastated, none more so than Peter. From this point on, it is said that if anyone ever mentioned Voitec's name to him, he would burst into tears. His comrades as well are devastated. They are repeatedly making trips to the zoo.

I suppose, Tommy, if you were trying to give this story a bit of preventative, not that it needs it, you might say, This is Poland's story in microcosm. People have lost touch with their families. Every family in Poland has been scarred by grief and loss and trauma. In a way, Piotr having lost touch with Wojtek- He'd lost his family, and now he's losing Wojtek. Yeah, it's part of a bigger story.

That is why, genuinely, the Polish soldiers who've been his comrades are always visiting him, and sometimes they'll break into his enclosure and wrestle with him, like in the good old days. When they leave, Wojtek tries to clamber out through the bars. It's not just the Poles who feel the tragedy of this. The director of Edinburgh Zoo, this guy called Thomas Gillespie, he wrote, I never felt so sorry to see an animal that had enjoyed so much freedom and fun confined to a cage. There are shards of light in story. One is that Peter, who had lost his family, he is reunited with most of them. His two older sons are lost for good, but the rest of his family, they do come and join him in London. Voitec also, it's not total misery because I'm very happy to say that he becomes obsessed by penguins. He takes a huge interest in them. Whenever they march past, he'll watch them with huge fascination. Also, of course, Poles continue to visit him. It's not just his former comrades, because by now, has become an emblem for polls in Britain of everything that they've been through. They will come and watch and talk to him.

He always perks up. This is a story that starts to get resonance in Britain as well, particularly, I think, in Scotland, in the Borders region and in Edinburgh, to the extent that ultimately, Wojtek is always appearing on Blue Peter. The Children's TV program. Children's TV program. He's a a regular star. But towards the end of his life, so going into the '60s, he He does start to become very depressed. He goes into a steep decline. And on the 15th of November, 1963, by which point he's been in the zoo for 16 years, he's put down.

Oh, poor Wojtek. It's a bittersweet story, I suppose, isn't it, Tom?

Yeah. I think that he is a worthy hero for an episode of our podcast. Definitely is. I think it for a number of reasons. We've talked about how this is a story that spans a vast range of places. It begins in Poland. It takes us to Siberia, to the Middle East, to Italy, to the woods above my Scottish estate. It reminds you just how much of a world war the Second World War was. I think also Wojtek is a very moving symbol of Polish-Skottish friendship relationship. I know that he is hugely famous in Poland, but he's pretty well known on the borders as well. Schoolchildren there know all about him. There's a statue of him in Duns, which is just up from the tweed. There's a statue in Edinburgh commemorating his presence there. Quite right, too. But I think above all, and the reason why it's good to have this as a coda to the terrible story that we've been telling in our previous three episodes, is that Wojtek's career does rub up against the horrors that overwhelmed Poland in the war. But because he was wholly innocent of them, knew nothing of them, he somehow seemed to provide the Poles who were with him with a way of staring into the abyss of their own grief and everything that they'd lost, their bereavement.

In a way that was less painful than staring into that heart of darkness directly, I think. That makes sense. Again, I don't want to put words into the Polish soldiers who went through all that, but that's the sense that I get from reading about the obviously very profound bond that they felt with this innocent animal.

Yeah, that makes sense. I mean, they've lost everything. They've lost their families, they've lost their homeland, and they can pour a lot of that emotion into their relationship with this, as you said, this innocent bear.

That is surely why these bereaved homesick, grieving men had adopted him in the first place. It's why the Polish officer said, Yes, let's keep him. It's why the British High Command recognized this and said, yes, we will enroll him as a private. It's why they invested such love in him. I think it's why to this day in Poland, Wojtek does remain very loved.

Tom, that was amazing. A brilliant story. Very moving story. Actually, I didn't expect it to be such a moving story.

I find it a really moving story.

It was the perfect coda to the grim story of the fall of Poland in 1939. That's the story of Wojtek the Bear. If you're Polish, of course, there are loads of children's books you can look that up in. A shout out to the most amazing book on Poland's experience in the Second World War, which we talked about a lot, which is Halik Hansi's book, The Eagle Unbowed. But next week, we will be with something completely different because I've heard a rumor that the previous translations of Suttonius's The Twelve Caesars have been superseded. Is that correct, Tom? Am I right in hearing this?

It's not for me to say, Dominic.

That a new translation by an unknown author of Suttonius's Twelve Caesars is about to hit the book shelves. To celebrate this, the author himself, on his podcast, will be taking us into a on the Sex Secrets of the Caesars. We'll be looking not just at Soutonius's Twelve Caesars itself, but also at the lives of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. So a complete change of tone, and I suspect a slightly more lubricious style of podcasting next week when we return with The Romans. On that, by Michelle, Tom, thank you so much. That was absolutely wonderful. We'll see you all next time. Bye-bye.

Bye-bye. Here is that clip from our mini-series on Trump's insurrection.

These senators are being ushered out through a very narrow corridor, and one of them says, We were 20 feet away from the rioters. If the rioters had just looked the other way and seen that a whole bunch of senators were coming out, who knows what would have happened? Who knows what could have happened to Mike Pence? I think it is important to point out that Donald Trump was getting these reports and did not care. The senator has been evacuated at 2:18 PM Nancy Pelosi is also pulled out of her chair by the Capitol police and taken off the podium and taken to a safe location at Fort McNair in Southwest Washington. She originally tried to stay. She didn't want to leave the building, but because of security, she had to get out of there. One of the Democratic members of the Congress at this point, as they realized that the rioters are starting to breach their area, one of the Democratic members of the Congress, gels down to the Republicans, This is because of you. The members are getting texts. This is how they know that things are bad, because they're getting texts from their family saying, What are you doing there?

Why haven't you left? Are you safe? They haven't got a television. They're not watching it. They're trying to get on with the business of the day. It's this surreal. I keep thinking how surreal it was that inside the chambers, they're trying to do business as usual, and feet away, the rioters are there saying that they want to have some of these people hung and that they want to overturn the election result. Then a few minutes after that, the house floor is evacuated, literally in front of the rioters. The police manage, again, to secure a very narrow passageway through the rioters to get them out. One member afterwards says, I could look in the eyes of those officers, and I saw the fear. They knew that the officers were outnumbered.

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