Transcript of 626. Jack The Ripper: The Killer Strikes Again (Part 3)

If you want more from the show, join the Rest is History Club. And with Christmas Coming, you can also gift a whole year of access to the history lover in your life. Just head to therestishistory. Com and click Gifts. This episode is sponsored by Hive. Britain revolutionized the future with the might of industrial power. But now you can transform your own energy future and take control with the power of Hive.

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In the long history of power, Hive helps you finally know yours. Head to vivehome. Com to find out more, subject to survey and suitability. Hive app compatible with selected technology. Paid for surplus requires SEG tariff. An old woman who was known by the subroket of Mother Crackham rather startled me by rushing up as I stood at the fireplace and demanding to know if I was Jack the Ripper. The awkwardness of answering this question, I was happily relieved of by the old Dame herself, assuring me that she did not think I was. I know you ain't him, she said. You wouldn't rip me up, would you now? By and by, the proceedings in the kitchen became more lively. Girls commenced singing songs, and the poet of the company entertained with the chorus of his latest composition. Has anyone seen him? Can you tell us where he is? If you meet him, you must take away his knife. Then give him to the women. They'll spoil his pretty fizz, and I wouldn't give him tuppence for his life. Now, at night, when you're undressed and about to go to rest, just see that he ain't underneath the bed.

If he is, you mustn't shout, but politely drag him out. And with your poker to tap him on the head. So that, Dominic, was the Evening News, published on the fifth of October, 1888, by a top investigative journalist describing the atmosphere in Cooney's Lodging House on the notorious Flouher and Dean Street, which was the Lodging House that had been used by Jack the Ripper's latest victim. We are, of course, in Spittlefields, in White Chapel, in the East End of London. It's the autumn of 1988. We are deep into the story of the most notorious murderer of all time, Jack the Ripper.

Yes. The lodging house, judging by that reading, full of Australians done.

Wasn't Australians, it was Cockneys, lovable Cockneys.

That sounds like Russell Crowe to me.

Well, the Australian accent does derive from Cockney. Of course it does. Couldn't be more Cockney. It's a reminder of just how obsessed by this point everybody is with the story of Jack the Ripper, not just in London, not just across Britain, but across the whole world.

Yeah, absolutely.

I guess the reason for that is that no one knows who he is, and that, of course, remains the case to this day.

Why are people so fascinated? Partly because the case seems to embody so many of the anxieties of late Victoria in London, but also the inherent fascination of the case. It's so savage and so horrific, but also that mystery, right? That he's the thief in the night the Ghost in the Shadows who's escaping. That's, of course, why we're still so fascinated and why, almost uniquely among serial killer stories, this one has an extraordinary hold on the world's imagination.

Yeah. I think also what we shouldn't overlook is the sheer terror that he is inspiring because those songs, you sing them to keep your spirits up, but they're expressive of an absolute dread. People are terrified.

Of course, and with good reason. We ended last time on a cliffhanger, so let's remind ourselves where we've to. The reason people are terrified is that there have been a series of horrific crimes. The death, first of all, of Martha Taberam on the seventh of August. Then Maryanne or Polly Nichols on the 31st of August. Her body literally ripped apart. Ripped open. Then another body ripped open, that of Annie Chapman on the eighth of September in a backyard at Hanbury Street, Spittlefields. We entered last time on the night of Saturday, the 29th, and Sunday, the 30th of September, when the killer has struck again, not once, but twice. So first of all, we had the discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride, just inside Duttfield's Yard, which is just outside a socialist club for Russian and Polish Jewish immigrants. And then 45 minutes later, as we described last time, PC Edward Watkins is patrolling Miter Square, just off Aldgate. So that's just inside the boundary of the city of London, so to the west of the other crimes. And he flashes his lantern, he finds something huddled on the ground. Then he's rushing across the square where we ended last to a watchman.

For God's sake, mate, come to my assistance. There's another woman cut to pieces. So let's pick up the story. Within about a quarter of an hour, a group of policemen had gathered around the body, and they're joined at about 2: 20 by the city police surgeon Dr. Dr. Frederick Gordon-Brown. It's from him that we get the, again, gruesome details of the crime scene. To reiterate, if you are driving along with very small children in the back listening to a podcast about the Jack the Ripper, you will be unsurprised to hear that there are some gruesome details to come. So rethink your choices. The victim, says Dr. Frederick Gordon Brown, is lying on her back with her throat cut, her body horribly mutilated. To quote him, The abdomen was all exposed. The intestines were drawn out to a large extent and placed over the right shoulder. A piece of about two feet was quite detached from the body and placed between the body and the left arm, apparently by design. So this is a really unsettling, unbelievably unsettling and strange Change scene, almost ritualistic. What killer places the victim's innards around the body?

Maybe a Masonic one.

Well, maybe. We should be coming to this in our fifth episode. And once again, of course, The Ripper has struck extremely efficiently and quickly before vanishing into the night. So to quote Philip Sugdon, who's book on the Jack the Ripper case, is the definitive history. He says, this probably took less than 15 minutes. In that period of the killer must have got his victim into Miter Square, assuming she's not there already, killed her, mutilated her, done all his operations on the body, and then got away, and he has taken with him her womb and her left kidney. And once again, he has done this almost completely unseen and undetected. So we're still in the small hours of Sunday, the 30th of September, and we now have two murder investigations going on simultaneously. So there's the Elizabeth Stride one in Whitechapel, and there's this other one now in the city of London.

And they are under different police jurisdictions because the city of London has its own police force.

Exactly.

So not part of the Metropolitan police.

So let's begin with the one in Whitechapel, the first one, the one we discussed last time, Duffield's Yard, Elizabeth Stride. So as we heard about her last time, she's Swedish, she's born in Gothenburg, she's come to England. She probably works as an occasional prostitute. And if you want to find out more her. Club members can do so in our bonus. If you want to join them, just head to therestishistory. Com. She had been seen in a cheap lodging house in Flarendine Street just before seven o'clock. We don't know when she went out exactly. We don't know where she was going. We don't know whether she was going out to try to solicit to get money for a bed. All of this is very unclear. We know that at some time that evening, she had some bread and cheese, and she possibly had some drinks. And she also got a hold of some hard sweets, breath fresheners. I think they're called cashe or something, aren't they? And she's holding them in her hand. And she's also got a hold of a red rose, which she has fixed to her bodice. And then somehow, she's ended up in Duttfield's yard outside this socialist club where she has been murdered.

Do you know the site of it now? It's a school playground. Oh, my God, really? Yeah, I went and investigated all the places where it happened.

Right.

I mean, that's probably the least appropriate place.

Yeah. And is there a plaque or anything? No.

Because obviously, the school doesn't want to draw attention to the place where all the little children are playing.

I think there should be a plaque. First of all, the kids would love it. And secondly, I think you should mark her last moments, I think. Anyway, I'll take that up with the school. So obvious question, how did she die? As with the other victims, her throat was cut and it seems like there were bruises on her neck and shoulders. The doctors who examine her body, there were two different doctors. One One of them is the guy who had done the autopsy on Annie Chapman, Dr. George Baxter-Philips.

The Baxter.

The Baxter. Yeah, that's surely what his friends from school call him. And they think she had been seized on the shoulders and then pushed to the ground and killed on the ground. Now, Halley Rubenhold, in her book, The Five, which is brilliant on the lives of the victims, has a thesis that the victims were all killed as they slept, that they were homeless, and the Ripper just simply came across them and killed I'm not sure about that here because Sugdun points out that the ground was very muddy and it had been raining, and therefore, it seems unlikely that you would lie down to sleep in the mud.

Wasn't there the policeman or the doctor or somebody said that she seemed to have been laid down in the mud.

Being laid down, exactly. Rather than you wouldn't choose to lie down in the mud, surely. I mean, so many baffling things about it. Why is she still holding the hard sweets in one hand? Why did nobody hear her cry out? She's very close to this club. Why are there no signs of any struggle at all? And most bewildering of all, why uniquely is Elizabeth Stride's body not mutilated in any way? There's no ripping. Her throat has been cut, but nothing else. So there are a couple of theories. One theory is she's actually killed by a different person, and this is an unrelated murder. So Dr. Phillips, the bagster, he thought that the killer had used a different knife from the one used to kill Annie Chapman, and that the wound was very different. On the other hand, a lot of Ripper scholars say, the modus operandi is similar. A victim killed while lying on the ground in a dark corner of the East End, the throat cut from left to right. So the balance of probability, I think, is that this was a Jack the Ripper crime. And in that case, the explanation for why the body isn't mutilated is that actually, when that guy and his cart, that we talked about last time, Louis Diemschutz, came into the yard, he actually disturbed the Ripper in the process of his nefarious work.

I guess that would then also explain, perhaps, why he goes on to commit a second murder. Exactly.

Because his Yes.

He hasn't had the opportunity to do what he wants to do, namely get ripped.

Exactly that. I think that makes complete psychological sense. The ripper has been cheated of the thing that he really... The killing is now not enough to give him the high that he wants. It is actually the process of ripping, which is becoming more and more extreme and more horrific every time. And that's why he feels the need to strike again. Now, this first crime, there are a couple of really intriguing witnesses. So first of all, there's a guy called PC William Smith. He was patrolling near Burnet Street, about 12: 30 on the night of the murder. And he saw a man and a woman with a red rose talking across the street from where the body was discovered. And he described the man as, about 28 years old, dark complexion, a small dark hat, mustache, wearing a black cutaway coat, wearing a hard felt Deer Stalker hat, and carrying a parcel in newspaper.

Because the man seen talking to Annie Chapman had been wearing a Deer Stalker hat, hadn't he?

Exactly. So The deer stalker hats, they're not uncommon. Of course, Sherlock Holmes is famously portrayed with one. So it could be a different man, but it's telling that the hat keeps reappearing in all the witness statements.

Just to think, a deer stalker, you wear it because you're stalking deer. And when you capture a deer, you rip it open and disembowel it. I'm just wondering if perhaps there's a- Maybe.

Maybe I hadn't thought of that, Tom. I don't know. So there's another way in this. See what you think of this one. This guy is called Israel Schwartz. And now he is a Jewish immigrants, and he's probably from Galicia in Austria, Hungary. At about 12: 45, he is walking past Duffield's yard when, as Chief Inspector Swanson describes in his notes, he saw a man stop and speak to a woman who was standing in the gateway. The man tried to pull the woman into the street, but he turned around and threw her down on the footway, and the woman screamed three times, but not very loudly. On crossing to the opposite side of the street, he saw a second man standing, lighting his pipe. The man who threw the woman down called out, apparently to the man on the opposite side of the road, Lipsky. And then Schwartz walked away. But finding that he was followed by the second man, he ran as far as the railway arch, but the man did not follow so far.

Tantalizing.

It's mysterious, Tom. It's intriguing. Anyway, the police take this bloke, Schwartz, to the mortuary, and he says, This is the woman. Elizabeth Stride is the woman I saw. And they say, Well, what did the men look like? And he says, Basically, the men were in their early 30s. They had mustaches, and they wore dark coats. And the first man, he says, was about 5'5 and wore a peaked cap, a little bit like a Deer stalker. That tallies with a third witness who's a laborer called William Marshall. He also says he saw a woman and a man talking and joking, the man about 5'6 in a black cutaway coat, peaked cap, decently dressed and mild-speaking like a clerk. So this is looking like the same man in all of these peaked cap. Five foot five, five foot six, and so on and so forth. What about the second man, though? What about this other man? So some people who look into the Ripper story think that the Ripper had an accomplice.

Great Scott Holmes.

Yes, if this This was a conspiracy. Israel Schwartz, his account makes it sound like these two men know each other, and the one man shouts to the other man Lipsky. But the police report is clear that he can't be sure about that. He's only guessing.

And Holmes, what is this Lipsky? What do you make of that?

I'm enjoying this new vibe to the podcast with being cast as Holmes for once. Brilliant. So this is a really fascinating puzzle. And this is a really good example of how the Ripper stories a window into the anxieties of 1880s London. Lipski is a really well-known name in the East End, because in 1887, a bloke who made Umbrella's called Israel Lipski, who was originally another Polish Jew, had been hanged for murdering a young woman who was pregnant called Miriam Angel because he'd forced her to drink nitric acid. Very unpleasant.

That is so penny dreadful.

This is a really It was a really controversial case at the time because a lot of people said Lipski had not done it, that this was anti-Semitism. Lipski confessed to his rabbi just before he was executed. But some people believed at the time that he had done so either because he'd been brutalized and broken and he was just confessing to get it over with, or because the rabbi had persuaded him that it would be better for everybody if he confessed and better for the Jewish community.

That seems implausible.

That they could then him as a bad egg rather than it look as though they were trying to cover up for one of their co-religionists. Queen Victoria was very agitated about this and was very worried that Lipski had been framed, as was the Palmael Gazette, a newspaper we've heard a bit about already, campaigning newspaper we're hearing more from. Anyway, Lipski is a well-known taunt in Whitechapel. In 1887, 1888, people will say, Oh, you're or a regular Lipsky, and all this thing.

Yeah. So like, you're Harold Shippman or your whatever.

Did you ever move in circles where people compared you to Harold Shippman?

No, but it becomes a standard name for a killer or something. Yeah.

Like the Ripper, right? Like Jack the Ripper. Yeah. There are a couple of possibilities. So one is this bloke was genuinely called Lipsky. The two men are working together, and Lipski is a Confederate in the Ripper's crimes. I think no one really believes that. Philip Sugdon suggests that the two men... This is a bizarre suggestion Question, I think, from him. That the two men are working together, possibly, but that one of them shouts Lipski as a trick to throw Schwartz off the scent and incriminate the local Jews. I don't think that's very likely.

I mean, unless it's Queen Victoria his personal surgeon, and they're desperate to muddy the waters. But again, we will come to this in due course.

And then Inspector Abiline, great to have him back, Inspector Abiline's thesis. He basically said to his superiors, Look, in the East End, people are shouting the word Lipski as a anti-Semitic taunt. And Schwartz has a strong Jewish appearance. So I am of opinion, it was addressed to him as he stopped to look at the man he saw apparently ill-using the deceased woman. So that the second man is just a complete bystander in a red herring. The second man has nothing to do with anything. Actually, basically, the Ripper shouted, he's basically shouting, go away, you Lipski, at Israel Schwartz. And that does seem to make sense to me, actually. Now, there are two implications of Abilai's thesis. That would mean And the killer is probably from the East End because he's familiar with the slang of the East End, the Lipsky taunt, which is a East End thing. Secondly, it also implies the killer is not Jewish because you won't use an anti-Semitic taunt if you're Jewish yourself, right?

Unless that's part of his fiendish cunning.

It is, but he'd have to- No, I agree.

I agree, Holmes. I agree, Holmes. I'm just trying to keep you on your toes.

Okay, very good. Thank you. All right, so that's the first crime of the night. That's Elizabeth Stride murder. Let's do the second crime now. So this This is the hideously mutilated body found in Miter Square in the city. At first, the police found it very hard to identify her. She's clearly a very poor woman. She's wearing very old and dirty clothes. She's got a couple of clay pipes and a handkerchief, and she's She's got two porn brokers tickets, but they're under false names. That's very common for people who are in the underclass, as it were. And eventually, her partner comes forward, a laborer called John Kelly. He has been living with her in this doss house, Cooney's Lodging's house, which is a really run-down place. And he says, This is my partner. This is basically my girlfriend, Kate Conway. Actually, her name is not Kate Conway. She's Catherine Eddows, and she was 46 years old. Philip Sulton describes her as the most likable of all the victims, which is not surprising, Tom, because she's from Wolverhampton. So I'll just give you a very quick sketch of Catherine Edo's life because, again, we want to let the victim's stories breathe, as it were, we'll be doing her in the bonus episode.

She's born in Wolverhampton, 1842, to very young parents who came from tinplate working backgrounds. They moved to London and they die young. She ends up as an orphan. She goes back and forth to Birmingham, Hampton, London. She ends up with a soldier called Thomas Conway. She lives with him for almost 20 years. They have three children. The classic pattern, she drinks, he's probably violent. They separate.

I think he definitely is violent, isn't he? Because she's always got black eyes and things.

Exactly. They're into the downward spiral. She ends up with John Kelly. She works as a child woman doing odd jobs, but she's almost certainly involved with casual prostitution as well. So it's unclear. They've just been hop picking in Kent, her and this guy Kelly.

Because hop picking is almost the nearest to a holiday that you have if you're on the streets, isn't it?

Exactly. Tens of thousands of people would go hop picking in Kent and so on. They've gone off, they've come back. She's got drunk. She's actually picked up earlier on the Saturday for being drunk by the police. She's put in a cell. The police lets her out at one o'clock on the Sunday morning. Her last recorded words to the constable lets her out. She says to him, All right, good night, old cock. And then about 40 minutes later, she is dead. So the Ripper struck very quickly after she was let out. Now, as I've already heard, her fate is by far the most horrific so far. Her throat has been cut for seven inches from left to right. Her face and body have been horribly mutilated. Her torso has been ripped open, her insides removed and put by her shoulder, and the killer has left with her left kidney and part of her uterus.

He has also cut off the lobe of one of her ears, hasn't it? Right. And this resonates because in the notorious letter where Jack the Ripper introduces himself, he'd said that he would cut off the ears of his next victim. And so this debate as to whether cutting off one lobe counts or not.

That is right. What the killer does not do is to cut off her ears, though, which the letter had said that he would. And cutting off the lobe in the context of the general mutilations is only a small thing. It doesn't seem like a deliberate thing that you've done to justify a boast in a letter beforehand. Anyway, the surgeon who looked at the body, Dr. Frederick Gordon Brown, was sure that the killer had done this on the spot within moments. So later on, when we get to the mad conspiracy theories, the idea that the victim's bodies were mutilated in a carriage by a Royal doctor and then dumped on the spot. This is not what people thought at the time when they inspected the bodies. Dr. Gordon Brown also thought, The killer must have had a degree of expertise. He told the Daily News, The left kidney had been carefully taken out in such a manner as to show that it had been done by somebody who not only knew its anatomical position, but knew how to remain remove it. Now, again, does this mean that it's a doctor or a surgeon? No, not necessarily.

It could be, as we've said, a butcher or a slaughterman or a medical student, or indeed a very talented amateur who studied anatomy. But somebody who basically knows what they're doing, I guess.

Someone who's used to stalking deer on the highlands, perhaps.

Maybe. So as with Elizabeth Stride's murder, there is one interesting witness account. There are two friends, they're both Jewish, a guy called Joseph Lavender, a Commercial Traveler, and Joseph Levie, a butcher. And they were leaving a local social club at half past 1: 00 thereabouts, when they saw a man and woman standing at the entrance to a nearby alley, and Lavender saw them most clearly. Well, he didn't see the woman's face, so he couldn't be sure that it was Catherine Edo's. But he said the man was about 30, about 5'7, with a mustache, medium build, and a peaked Deer Stalker's cap. But he thought the man looked rough and shabby. So we've had slightly different accounts of how the man looks, but there are a few common features, aren't there? There are.

And also, it's the middle of the night, flickering of the gas lamps.

Yeah. And this time, there is another clue, a very strange and disturbing clue. So within minutes of Catherine Eddows' murder, the police were scouring this warron of streets around Miter Square. And as we've described, once again, the killer slipped through their fingers like a ghost. Five minutes away, a guy called Alfred Long, police constal, is patrolling Galston Street, which is on the boundary between the city and Whitechapel. And at 2: 55, he spotted something in a tenement doorway, and it was a woman's apron wet with blood. And it turns out that this is Catherine Edo's apron. And he looks around for other signs of blood or any of the other clues. And then he sees something else. To the right of the doorway, written in white chalk on the black bricks, are the words, The Jews are the men that will not be blamed for nothing.

' And the word Jews is spelt J-U-W-E-S.

Yes. So PCLONG takes the apron to the nearest police station. Soon, lots of other policemen are swarming around these buildings. They don't find anything. Meanwhile, the police superintendent, Thomas Arnold, briefs the Met Commissioner, Sir Charles Warren, about this graffiti. And the superintendent says, I want to get rid of this as quickly as possible. If we leave it up on the wall, by dawn, there will be a riot against the Jews of the East End. And you can completely see why he says this? Passions are running high because of the tide of immigration in the 1880s. And as we saw after Annie Chapman's murder, there are a lot of people who are very keen to blame the Jews of the East End. So Charles Warrant goes personally to Galston Street, and he looks at the writing and the graffiti. Some of the people say, should we wait for a photographer to photograph the graffiti? And he says, no, it's getting light. We cannot risk people seeing it. And so at 5: 30, as dawn is breaking, the chalk is wiped away. And so we have no photo of it. So the enduring mystery, who left it?

What does it mean? There are three possibilities. Number one, it's a complete coincidence. The Ripper just threw the apron away, and there was some anti-Semitic graffiti on the wall. The police themselves didn't agree with it. Some people said it was fresh, some people said it was faded. So it could be old anti-Semitic graffiti. Of course, there is a fair bit of anti-Semitic graffiti in the East End. However, Philip Suggton points out, this was a building that had a lot of Jewish residents. Is it really plausible that they wouldn't have wiped it away?

I mean, if it had been someone who'd put it up half an hour before, perfectly plausible.

I suppose, Tom, but that really is a coincidence, isn't it?

Yeah, it is a coincidence. But I assume that this graffiti is going up all the time.

In the middle of the night?

Yeah.

Well, I'm not sure.

That seems to me, I have to say, the likelist explanation.

Explanation two. Listeners can make up their own mind, Tom. We don't know how to preach. That's the last thing we do in the rest of history.

Just offering my own conclusions.

Well, everyone's grateful for that, and everyone enjoys it. No one more than me, to be honest. So the next thing, the Ripper left the message to taunt the police because he was Jewish. So he's euphoric from his killings. He's in a state of ecstasy. He's putting two fingers up to the world and saying, Ha, ha, the Jews have got their own bag. Number three, the Ripper left the message, but it's a trick to throw the police off the scent. This is what Sir Charles Warren thought. Sir Charles Warren told the Home Office, he said it was evidently written with the intention of inflaming the public mind against the Jews, and that's why I had to get rid of it.

That is clearly the case, but it doesn't have to be the Ripper who's written I mean, no one would put that up and not want that, I think.

It's a better story if it's the Ripper there, isn't it?

Yeah, of course it is. But I'm applying my razor-sharp powers of deduction and logic here.

Well, listen, amaze us now with your razor-sharp powers of deduction and logic, because is there not an exciting conspiracy theory attached to this that you will very much enjoy?

Yes. So there's a very notorious, I think, mad, I think basically everyone thinks mad book about Jack the Ripper called Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution. I honestly think that Any book with the word final solution in the title is probably best left alone. It was written by a guy called Stephen Knight. We will be talking about this in our final episode, but it's a theory about a member of the Royal family being involved and various masons. And remember that Sir Charles Warren, the head of the Met, is himself a Mason. And he says that the misspelling of Jew, so J-U-W-E-S, is a clue. And it refers to three legendary Masonic figures, Jubela, Jubello, and Jubalum. And it has to be said that this is, can I say, bollocks on this podcast?

I guess you can.

So these figures had apparently not been part of Masonic Masonic ritual in Britain for almost a century, and British masons never used the term J-U-W-E-S to describe them. And there is no link with the masons at all.

Well, we should explore this in greater detail, shouldn't we, in our final episode where we solve the crime and we should be digging into the Masonic conspiracy theory, which, spoiler alert, I actually do agree with you, and I think it is completely bonkers.

But do remember, Sir Charles Warren had dug, had excavated on the side of the temple, and Mason is obsessed with the temple. So who knows? Maybe there is something there.

That was a tantalizing clue there, Tom. So let's take a break, and then we'll come back, and we will plunge back into the stricken streets of White Chapel as the story races towards the next terrible crime. This episode is brought to you by Uber. Now, do you know that feeling when someone shows up for you when you need it most?

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That's auraframes, aura. Co. Uk, promo code history History. This exclusive Black Friday Cyber Monday deal is their best of the year. So order now before it ends. Support the show by mentioning us at checkout. Terms and conditions apply. Hello, welcome back to the REST is History, and we are in Whitechapel in the heart of the East End, and it is the morning of Sunday, the 30th of September, 1888. And news is spreading across the East End and beyond of the double killing overnight of Elizabeth Stride in Whitechapel, Arthur and Edo's in Miter Square in the city of London. And the police have cordoned off the murder sites, but already thousands of people are gathering outside Miter Square and Duckfield's Yard, where Elizabeth Stride had been murdered. And there are Newspapers are starting to appear, people haulking them. The news is spreading virally.

Yeah. And there's a massive sense of panic, actually, for the next week or so. So the streets are déserted at night. There are reports that lots Lots of poor homeless women have gone West to the city or to the West End because the streets are better lit there. There are reports that those people who don't, the women are huddling together for protection in the East End. There are some women are carrying knives. The local shopkeeper P-Soupers complain officially to the government that people are staying away, especially because in mid-October, there's one of London, Victoria and London's perennial fogs. A pea-super. A pea-super. A regular pea-super descends. And they actually petition the Home Secretary, and they say, basically, you've lost control of law and order in East London, clearly. Respectable people are not going shopping, and we're losing our livelihoods. And in the meantime, there are loads of mad theories about the killer. There are letters to the Times from Old India Hands and things saying, We recognize this. This is a Lascar at work.

I mean, that is what it would be in a Sherlock Holmes story. That idea, the opium crazed foreigners who've landed on a ship. It's exactly what you get in a Victorian crime thriller.

It's the empire coming home, right? Or Wilkie Collins or something. There's a diamond involved, almost certainly. But a lot of people, I know we got lots of American listeners, and they'll be pleased to hear that a lot of people assume it must be an American because they know that Americans get up to extreme behavior. But also there's been rumors that a man in a soft felt American hat was talking to Elizabeth Stride. And there's even a suspicion that may have been done by cowboys, isn't there?

Well, this is actually, I think, a very interesting angle on on the panic because it's not just cowboys, but also Indians are much on the public mind because the previous year was when Buffalo Bill had come with his Wild West show to coincide with Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. It's really notable when you look at the press coverage, how regularly comparisons are made with the mutilations and murders in the East End, with the supposed mutilations inflicted by Native Americans. We actually read didn't we? A piece from The Evening Standard that compared the mutilations to those done by a poor knee Indian. Wt Stead, the editor of the Palmau Gazette, in the wake of Annie Chapman's murder, he had pointed out that a Londoner is quite as capable of bathing his hands in blood as any Sioux who ever scalped a foe. Of course, Sitting Bull had been part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. I just feel it's clearly part of the the climate of the times that journalists are instinctively reaching for those comparisons.

Yeah. I think there's a case the Ripper story almost immediately becomes absorbed into the popular culture of London in 1888, doesn't it? It becomes confused with lots of other different things. Actually, people immediately rush to make money from it. People are selling special editions of the newspapers, and there are some tremendously tasteful ballads, aren't there? Are you going to sing this ballad or would you like to read it?

I think it's interesting because actually, Catherine Eddows and Thomas Conway had spent much of their time haulking exactly these ballads. So they would go to places, say, where people were being hanged and compose these songs and sell them. And now, songs are being composed about the murder of Kate Edo's and the other victims. This is an example. In famous London City in 1888, four beastly cruel murders have been done. Some say it was old nick himself or else a Russian Jew. Some say it was a cannibal from the Isle of Kikaboo. Some say it must be Bashe bazooks, or else it's the Chinese. Come over to Whitechapel to commit such crimes as these.

Something slightly Gilbert and Sullivan, a music hall about that, isn't it?

It's certainly not Tennison. But it's also interesting that the blame is being put on foreigners. Again, there's this idea that no Englishman could possibly do this.

Right. And there's that. I mean, you can completely see how that's part of the same world as Sherlock Holmes, because in Sherlock Holmes, it would be Bashe bazooks or the Chinese or something, wouldn't it? So people are cashing in. They're opening their houses to sightseers. So even that socialist club where Elizabeth Stride's body was found, they're making money out of it by charging tourists. Socialists.

Yeah, that's a lesson for you, Theo.

Now, that makes it sound as though people didn't care, but they absolutely did care. And the whole business was a spur, particularly to political radicals. So loads of letters in the newspaper saying, This is a reminder that it's a disgrace that the East End is like this. We should clean up the streets. We should do something for the poor. We shouldn't have an underclass in the heart of the Imperial city. People feel guilty about it.

And again, that's part of the Imperial dimension to it, isn't it? That people in London, the capital of the world's greatest empire, justify their empire in terms of a civilizing mission. The idea that other parts of the world are savaged compared, say, to Britain. But what these murders show is that savagery lurks in the streets of the Imperial capital as well.

I know we'll talk about this in the next episode when you're going to be talking about Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and so on. But it's really striking to me reading a lot of the newspaper commentary, how often people would say things like, that there are people walking around in the East End whose eyes have been opened to the horror that has been lurking among us all this time. That there is something deeply buried in us that has now come out. The people didn't just say it's a foreign menace. There's a lot of commentary that says this is something that has almost been bubbling away in the sewers of our souls all this time.

I think it works in two dimensions. There's the imperial dimension, the idea that the savagery that is conventionally identified with primitive peoples in distant climes is a part of the savagery of the imperial capital. But it's also this idea that there is a darkness, a murderousness, a savagery, lurking in the soul, perhaps of even the most outwardly respectable figure, walking the streets, say, of the West End. We will be coming to this in our next episode.

That's a huge part of the It's a mystique, isn't it? As it were. To go back to the investigation, there are lots of calls in the press for a publicly funded bounty or reward. Now, as we described last time, the Home Office hate the thought it rewards because they say a reward is basically invitation to hoaxes. There's a big disagreement between the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews, and the Commissioner of the Met, Sir Charles Warren, about this. Their relations are terrible already, pretty much, and they're bickering furiously. Basically, by early November, for unrelated reasons, but this is definitely a factor.

It's compounded, isn't it?

Yeah, it's compounded. Sir Charles Warren has decided to resign. So the head of the Met is going to step down. Now, meanwhile, the incoming head of... The guy is going to be running CID, Criminal Investigation Department, and Dr. Robert Anderson has been away on holiday.

In Switzerland?

And the newspapers notice this, and they start to get very outraged. So the Palmaille Gazette says that Dr. Anderson, the chief official responsible for the detection of the murderer, is his Visible to Londoners as the murderer himself. Dr. Anderson is taking a pleasant holiday in Switzerland. Newspapers don't change, right? Dr. Anderson then returns with an absolutely mad idea. He says, We should arrest every prostitute in London, or tell them that the police will not protect them. And everyone says, This is mad. First of all, the police's own estimates, and don't forget, the definition of prostitution is incredibly vague. They reckon at least 1,200 women would fall under this category and would end up being arrested. They had got nowhere to put them. Secondly, people point out to Anderson, they say, These women are soliciting in order to pay for their lodging. They have They literally know where to go. If we stop them applying their trade, they will just be lying in the streets. What are we going to do? So they ditch that idea. They do launch a house-to-house search. Actually, this is interesting because you might assume that everybody in the East End hates the police.

Well, I think they do, don't they? In spitalfield, there's all this stuff that you can only go in as a policeman in pairs. But obviously, times change, and now the police are your ally in hunting out the killer.

So to do this search, this house-to-house search, the police have to ask the permission of every single householder, and almost everybody grants permission. There's virtually no resistance at all. The press are really surprised by this and struck by it that the East End welcomes the police, says, Come on, yes, I have to do the search. So they do the search, they don't find anything. It's also another Sherlock Holmes parallel, actually, an experiment with bloodhounds, which does not work out well, No. So in the Sign of the Four, where it's a very good example of the crimes in that Sherlock Holmes story have been committed by the violence of the Empire coming back home. There's a bloodhound called Toby, who's the most brilliant bloodhound in London, and Holmes and Watson follow him across town in search of whatever the guy is called. Jonathan Small, is it? Who's the killer or was involved with the killer, I can't remember. Anyway, the press have been pestering the Home Office, newsbloodhounds, and eventually, they get two dogs called Barnaby and Burgo, and they do experiments in Regents Park and Hyde Park. But comically, this doesn't happen in Sherlock Holmes.

There's a massive disagreement and falling out about who's going to pay for the dog's insurance. So eventually, the dog breeder loses patience with the police, and he takes them to a dog show instead. And so the police lose the cooperation of Barnaby and Burgo. But as Charles Warren said, this is a mad experiment because we don't have any We don't have the killer's blood or any of his clothes or anything like that. So what are they supposed to be tracing?

Yeah. I mean, Warren's got his finger on the pulse there.

Well, I've got an even better wheeze for you. So there were no police women in the Met, so they can't entrap the Ripper. They can't send police women out to lure him.

Do they, however, have any young lads who could plausibly pass?

Well, so the press have been pestering the Met and saying, Could you not send out people dressed as women to lure him? And the Met points out, they say, All our recruits by law, have to be more than 5'7. So at an age when people are slightly shorter than they are today, they will stand out. It'll be very conspicuous not women. But one bloke did try this. He was Detective Sergeant Robinson of G division. He went and he dressed up and he stood around. He was accosted by some cab washers, so people washing down Hackney carriages.

Was this because they felt that he wasn't really plausible.

I don't know. They basically saw this bloke. One of them shouted at him. Now, this is some form of slang that I don't really understand, but they shouted at him, You're cats and dogs, aren't you? And then they stabbed him in the face.

Oh, my God.

It was quite a big altercation. He had to be rescued by other policemen. That's a lesson to you, Tom. If you go on one of your walks in the East End, be careful how you dress because I don't want you to be accused of being cats and dogs and stabbed in the face. Anyway, the various police wheezes don't really work. And not surprised that you start to get genuine vigilantes. Last time, we mentioned the Mile End Vigilance Committee, which was dominated by local Jewish tradesmen. And they would meet at the Crown Pub on Mile End Road, and they would organize patrol. They would get unemployed locals to do patrols, and they would give them a little bit of money, and they'd give them a whistle, a stout stick, and some galoshes. I don't know why, particularly, they'd give them these galoshes. But basically, this doesn't act There are two different schools of thought on this. Number one is the police didn't really like these vigilante patrols for obvious reasons, and it also made their job more difficult because now there are lots of strange men lurking around the streets with galoshes and upsetting the locals and stuff.

But there is an argument. There is now a delay of six weeks before the Ripper strikes again. And this may be because the patrols are a bit of a deterrent. There are a lot more people out on the streets, like with stout sticks and galoshes. And this may explain why the next crime happens indoors rather than outside because of all these patrols. So meanwhile, the press are getting more and more critical of the police. So they call them rotten. They say they're incompetent. Even the Conservatives papers, so the Daily Telegraph, we've mentioned a few times, it slams what it calls the notorious and shameful shortcomings of the Detective Department, or rather of the botched up makeshift, which does duty for a Detective Department, Scotland Yard. They call the Tori Home Secretary, Mr. Matthews. They call him a helpless, heedless, useless figure, which I think is actually a little bit harsh. The police are doing all they can. They're trying lots of different things, but this is a really, really hard crime to solve. And now we come back to this issue of the Ripper taunting the police. We already mentioned the Dear Boss letter, the letter in which he had said he would cut a victim's, if this is the Ripper, which we actually don't think it is, that he would cut the victim's ears off, and then, of course, he doesn't do it.

Then on Monday, the first of October, the Central News Agency got a second message, and this was a blood stained postcard with a London East postmark dated the first of October. So it could have been posted after the Catherine Edo's murder made the newspapers. In other words, the person, it could be a hoaxer who's read about the murder. And most handwriting experts think it's written by the same person who had written the previous Dear Boss letter. Tom, do you want to give us in your excellent Australian accent, the text of this postcard?

I wasn't codding 'Deer Old Boss when I gave you the tip. You'll hear about Saucy Jack's work tomorrow. Double event this time. Number one, squilled a bit. Couldn't finish straight off. It's not time to get ears off for police. Thanks for keeping last letter back till I got to work again. Jack the Ripper.

So The copies of this were published on posters outside every police station, and then they were published in the newspapers on the fourth of October because the police were desperate to basically say, Do you know this, ma'am? The general consensus, I think, is that these are not real. They're neither this or the dear boss. To repeat, there are no spelling mistakes at all, although the punctuation is all over the shop. There are capital letters as they should be. There are full stops, however as they should be. It feels a little bit like somebody is trying to pretend to be less educated than he is.

It's also somebody who can come up with the brilliant name of Jack the Ripper.

Jack the Ripper, exactly. Almost certainly, I think a young reporter or somebody like that who's covering the case. And the result of the police publicizing this is a flood of hoax letters. They are deluged with false leads. It reminds me very much of what happened in the 1970s with the Yorkshire Ripper case, when the police publicized the work of another hoaxer who was called Weerside Jack. And then they were absolutely deluged with false information, and it made it almost impossible for them to sift through it all. So that's the postcard. And then just over two weeks later comes the most infamous letter of all. So this was addressed to the new chairman of the Mile End Vigilance Committee, the vigilante group, Mr. George Lusk. And it arrived at his house in Mile End on the evening of Tuesday, the 16th of October. So he gets a small parcel wrapped in brown paper with a letter, and he opens the box, and it contains It means what is clearly half a kidney, a human kidney. The letter, do you want to give us the letter?

Yeah, it has the most chilling opening, doesn't it? Which has often been rehearsed from hell. It's Mr. Lusk, I send you half the kidney I took from one woman, preserved it for you. Tell the piece, I fried and ate. It was very nice. I may send you the bloody knife that took it out. If you only wait a while longer, signed, catch me when you can, Mr. Lusk.

The bit at the beginning, From Hell, very famous because that inspires the enormous graphic novel by Alan Moore, which we might talk about in our final episode. For those people who you can't tell from Tom's reading, a lot of that is misspelled, isn't it? So preserved or saw.

Yeah, faintly Irish, perhaps.

Yes, exactly, which we will come to. Lusk took the kidney to a pathologist to examine it with a microscope and said he thought it was human. There are some claims, you see them often repeated in Ripper books, that he identified it as the kidney of a 45-year-old woman who was a heavy drinker. But actually, the pathologist said that was completely invented and made up by the newspapers. The city police surgeon agreed it was a human kidney, but there's no evidence that it came from Catherine Edo's. It could have come from any recent autopsy, and it could have been sent in by medical students, for example. The handwriting analysis of this letter is that this is not somebody disguising their writing. There are lots of mistakes, and it is very clearly written quickly and smoothly, not by somebody painstakingly trying to disguise their hand. But it's clearly not the same person as the dear boss person.

Yeah, and also the postcard. Those two Jack the Ripper messages.

And Tom, as you said, the spelling looks like it could be Irish. So preserved, for example, which is a more Irish formula, apparently. Sore. Sore, exactly. Writing S-O-R, sore. So there are people who think there is a link to, as we will come to in the final episode, an Irish-American suspect, Dr. Tumbulty, who is a very peculiar person indeed. It's harder to dismiss this, I think, than the other letters. We don't know who the kidney is? Could this be a letter from the Ripper? We just don't know. Now, the police, as we've said, are delused. I mean, these are not the only hoax letters they get. They're the most famous ones, but there are others. If you read the memoirs of the policeman, or interviews with them, they basically say, We were totally overwhelmed. So Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, who was leading the investigation at Scotland Yard, he said that on just the Elizabeth Stride murder alone, his men detained 80 different people. They followed up leads on more than 300 other people, and they had 994 different files open at once. Inspector Abiline, who's in charge of the investigation in Whitechapel, remembered later that his team had 1,600 600 different files.

And he himself was patrolling the streets to set an example to his men, very Nelsonian, till four o'clock in the morning. Then he'd often come home, and then he'd immediately get a telegram saying, Come back to Whitechapel, we've got a new suspect. So they are exhausted and they are getting nowhere near finding the killer.

And what all these letters suggest is that Jack the Ripper is already becoming a literary figure. Yes. There are people who are writing words for him or writing, composing actions for him that are filling in the gaps. This, of course, is something that will be repeated decade after decade after decade.

We come towards the end of October. The police have really got no clues at all. Robert Anderson writes a report saying that the CID has not got the slightest clue of any kind. On 24th of October, Sir Charles Warren reports to the Home Office. He says, despite numerous and searching inquiries, they've produced no tangible result. The vigilante patrols are starting to dry up now because the weeks have passed and the Ripper has not killed again. The Mile End Vigilance Committee runs out of money and has to appeal for public subscriptions. One of the constables on the case, like a Walter Jew, notes in his memoir was many years later. He says, At this point, the prostitutes of the East End, who had previously vanished from the streets, start to come back. And when he passes them, they will sometimes shout out to him jovially, I'm the next for Jack. They're making light of it now.

Yeah, making a joke to cheer themselves up.

Now, one of the women he sees calls herself Mary Jane Kelly. We know that she used to read about the killings because she used to ask her partner, who's a guy called Jo Barnet, who lives with her in a little court called Miller's Court off Dorset Street, and he would read her stories about them. But it didn't deter her from going out on the streets because PCDew, as he then was, says, Often I had seen her parading along Commercial Street between Flare and Dean Street and Allgate, or along Whitechapel Road. She was usually in the company of two or three of her kind, fairly neatly dressed, and invariably wearing a clean white apron, but no hat. No hat, not respectable. So we come to the morning of the ninth of November. It's the day of the Lord Mayor's show. And like a lot of people, Mary Jane Kelly has been looking forward to it. Now, that morning, her landlord, who is a shopkeeper called John McCarthy, has been checking his books. He notices that she is 29 he links behind with the rent, and he sends his young assistant, Thomas Bowia, to see if she has some of the money.

And at 10: 45, Bowia goes and he knocks on the door of 13 Millers Court, and there's no answer. And he knocks again, and there's still no answer. He goes around the corner where there's a broken window, and he pulls aside the curtain. When he pulls aside the curtain, he reels backwards in absolute shock and horror. He goes and gets his boss. They end up going to the police station, and they fetch two officers, Inspector Walter Beck and this guy, Walter Duh, I've already mentioned. And Beck, the Inspector, peers through the window first, and then he staggers back, we're told, his face as white as a sheet. And he says, For God's sake, Duh, don't look. But Duh cannot stop himself. He puts his face to the window, and then he says, When my eyes had become accustomed to the dim light, I saw a sight which I shall never forget to my dying day.

Next time, we will reveal what he saw through the window of 13 Miller's Court. We will tell the story of Mary Jane Kelly and her terrible fate. We'll also be looking at the cultural hinterland of the Ripper murders. We'll be looking at Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. We'll be looking at Sherlock Holmes. We will be asking how it was that Jack the Ripper came to be enshrined as history's first serial killer. Then our final episode, our fifth episode in the series, we will be examining the various suspects and, for the first time ever, unveiling the definitive killer. If you're not a member of the Restless History Club, and you would like to hear them, then you can sign up at therestlesshistory. Com. Com. But for now, goodbye.

Bye-bye.

Hello, I'm Professor Hannah Fry. I'm Michael Stevens, creator of Vsauce.

We thought we would join you for a moment, completely uninvited.

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